地球早期大陆地壳的形成与演化     

樊海龙  杨高学  郭建明  马雪云  刘翔 《地质论评》2022,68(5):2022102002-2022102002

现代地球岩石圈主要由镁铁质上地幔和长英质地壳两个储集层组成,研究大陆地壳的形成和演化对揭示地球早期地质过程和物质循环、厘定板块构造启动时限具有重要意义。冥古宙—始太古代具有更高的地幔潜能温度和地温梯度,岩浆海冷却形成薄的原始地壳;大洋岩石圈表现为韧性,主要构造机制应为停滞盖层模式,有地幔柱参与。太古宙片麻岩中奥长花岗岩—英云闪长岩—花岗闪长岩（TTG）的出现标志着镁铁质原始地壳向长英质陆壳转变的开始。本文总结了地球早期停滞盖层模式到现代板块构造模式下含水玄武岩部分熔融、结晶分异形成大陆地壳的过程,主要包含幔源岩浆停滞盖层（“自下而上”的热管火山岩和“自上而下”的深成侵入岩构造模式）、增厚镁铁质地壳部分熔融、俯冲洋壳、岛弧及洋底高原部分熔融模式;陆壳的破坏和消减主要受陨石撞击、分层沉降、重力不稳导致拆沉控制;板块构造的出现进一步促进了地球内部的热量扩散,俯冲作用加快了洋壳和陆壳之间的物质循环。最后,结合太古宙变质岩、古老克拉通岩石学特征和锆石Hf、O及全岩Nd、Sr、Ar、Ti同位素组成,讨论了陆壳的形成时间和演化过程： 3.0 Ga之前形成了现有陆壳体积的60%~70%,厚度约为20~40 km;3.0~2.5 Ga,地壳改造速率明显增加,陆壳生长和破坏速率达到动态平衡,表明全球性现代板块构造体制逐渐成为控制大陆形成、裂解和陆壳演化的主要因素。  相似文献   

Crustal Electrical Structure and Deep Metallogenic Potential in Northern Wuyi Area (South China), based on Magnetotelluric Data     

LUO Fan  LU Qingtian  ZHANG Kun  YAN Jiayong  Colin G. FARQUHARSON  ZHANG Chong  FU Guangming 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(3):791-805

The northern Wuyi area, which is located in the northern Wuyi metallogenic belt, has superior mineralization conditions. The Pingxiang–Guangfeng–Jiangshan–Shaoxing fault (PSF) extends across the whole region regardless of whether or how the PSF relates to the near-surface mineralization. We carried out an MT survey in the region and obtained a reliable 2D model of the crustal electrical structure to a depth of 30 km. In the resistivity model, we inferred that a continuous high conductivity belt that ranges from the shallow to deep crust is a part of the PSF. Then, we estimated the fluid content and pressure gradient to identify the deep sources of fluid as well as its pattern of motion pattern. Finally, we proposed a model for the deep metallogenic migration processes that combines geological data, fluid content data, pressure gradient data, and the subsurface resistivity model. The model analysis showed that the Jiangnan orogenic belt and the Cathaysia block formed the PSF during the process of com. The deep fluid migrated upward through the PSF to the shallow crust. Therefore, we believe that the PSF is an ore-forming fluid migration channel and that it laid the material basis for large-scale mineralization in the shallow crust.  相似文献   

The Himalayan Collisional Orogeny: A Metamorphic Perspective     

WANG Jiamin  WU Fuyuan  ZHANG Jinjiang  Gautam KHANAL  YANG Lei 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(6):1842-1866

This paper introduces how crustal thickening controls the growth of the Himalaya by summarizing the P-T-t evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core. The Himalayan orogeny was divided into three stages. Stage 60–40 Ma: The Himalayan crust thickened to ~40 km through Barrovian-type metamorphism (15–25 °C/km), and the Himalaya rose from <0 to ~1000 m. Stage 40–16 Ma: The crust gradually thickened to 60–70 km, resulting in abundant high-grade metamorphism and anatexis (peak-P, 15–25 °C/km; peak-T, >30 °C/km). The three sub-sheets in the Himalayan metamorphic core extruded southward sequentially through imbricate thrusts of the Eo-Himalayan thrust, High Himalayan thrust, and Main Central thrust, and the Himalaya rose to ≥5,000 m. Stage 16–0 Ma: the mountain roots underwent localized delamination, causing asthenospheric upwelling and overprinting of the lower crust by ultra-high-temperature metamorphism (30–50 °C/km), and the Himalaya reached the present elevation of ~6,000 m. Underplating and imbricate thrusting dominated the Himalaya’ growth and topographic rise, conforming to the critical taper wedge model. Localized delamination of mountain roots facilitated further topographic rise. Future Himalayan metamorphic studies should focus on extreme metamorphism and major collisional events, contact metamorphism and rare metal mineralization, metamorphic decarbonation and the carbon cycle in collisional belts.  相似文献   

青藏高原错那—沃卡裂谷中部电性结构及其动力学意义     

薛帅  卢占武  李文辉  王光文  王海燕  梁宏达 《地学前缘》2022,29(2):393-401

藏南裂谷作为青藏高原最显著的伸展构造样式之一,是研究高原生长过程的重要窗口,但目前其深部成因机制仍存在较大争议。本文利用沿错那—沃卡裂谷中部的大地电磁数据,分析裂谷区域的大地电磁测深曲线特征和相位张量,并通过三维大地电磁反演获得邛多江地堑和沃卡地堑深部电性结构。三维大地电磁反演结果显示,沃卡地堑和邛多江地堑深部存在一条连续的显著高导异常,并呈现“俯冲”形态,且上覆高阻结构体,而在邛多江地堑两侧浅部则分布低阻异常。结合早期的研究结果,本文支持错那—沃卡裂谷深部的高导异常为地壳部分熔融,可能与南向地壳流相关,并研究认为在南北向持续挤压作用下,裂谷下方的弱地壳层,通过解耦上地壳和下部地壳,促进了藏南裂谷系的发育。  相似文献   

广东莲花山花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义     

杨航  辛宇佳  李建华  张培星 《地球学报》2022,43(2):211-223

广东莲花山岩体位于莲花山断裂带北部, 由规模巨大的侏罗—白垩纪花岗岩组成。本文对莲花山岩体中部进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素和Lu-Hf同位素研究, 获得片麻状花岗岩、细粒黑云母花岗岩和细-中粒黑云母花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分别为(142.5±1.5) Ma(MWSD=3.5, N=30)、(138.9±0.6) Ma(MWSD=1.4, N=30)和(145.5±0.7) Ma(MWSD=1.2, N=28), 表明岩体为晚侏罗至早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学特征显示岩体为偏铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.97~1.1)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=6.1 wt%~ 8.1 wt%)、富钾(K2O/Na2O=1.4~1.8), 富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb, 亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P、Ti, 与壳源岩浆特征类似。岩体SiO2含量差异较大(69.5 wt%~80.1 wt%), 高硅样品明显经历一定程度的结晶分异, 属于分异的I型花岗岩。所有样品锆石εHf(t)值均为负值(–4.5 ~ –2.0), 在年龄-εHf(t)图中, 均落入球粒陨石演化线和华夏基底演化线之间, 暗示源岩主要为古老壳源基底物质。在此基础上, 结合区域构造-岩浆记录, 本文认为莲花山花岗岩体的形成与古太平洋板片俯冲后撤(roll back)诱发的弧后扩张作用相关。  相似文献   

基于可见—近红外反射光谱的典型农田重金属污染风险分类研究     

李全坤  赵万伏  文宇博  郭超  刘连文  季峻峰 《高校地质学报》2022,28(6):799-813

对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外（Vis-NIR）反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区（浙江温岭）和典型地质高背景地区（广西横县）的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量机（SVM）算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差（RPD）分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%（温岭）和80.0%~100％（横县）。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。  相似文献   

Environmental fate and health exposures of the geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants in potable groundwater of Lower Ganga Basin,India     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(3):101365

The study evaluated the sources and controlling factors of the groundwater contaminants in an agroeconomic region of Lower Ganga Basin using principal component analysis (PCA), multivariable linear regressions (MLR), correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis, and evaluated the public health risks using the Latin Hypercube Sampling, goodness-of-fit statistics, Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis based on the 1000 samples collected in two sampling cycles (N = 1000). The study reveals that the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals and semi-arid climate regulate the fluoride concentrations (0.10–18.25 mg/L) in groundwater. Extensive application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and livestock manure mainly contributed to elevated nitrate levels (up to 435.0 mg/L) in groundwater. The health risks analysis indicates that fluoride exposure is more prevalent in the residents of each age group than the nitrate and both contaminants exhibited higher non-carcinogenic health risks on the infant and child (minor) age groups compared to adolescents and adults. Based on the cokriging interpolation mapping, the minor residents of 17.88%–23.15% of the total area (4545.0 km²) are vulnerable to methemoglobinemia whereas the residents of all age-groups in 38.47%–44.45% of the total area are susceptible to mild to severe dental/skeletal fluorosis owing to consumption of untreated nitrate and fluoride enriched groundwater. The Sobol sensitivity indices revealed contaminant levels, groundwater intake rate and their collective effects are the most influential factors to pose potential health risks on the residents. Artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting practices should be adopted to improve the groundwater quality and the residents are advised to drink purified groundwater.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City,an arid zone in Pakistan          下载免费PDF全文

Tanzeel Khan  Muhammad Akhtar Malik  Gohram Malghani  Rabia Akhtar 《地下水科学与工程》2022,10(2):153-165

Water is an essential element on earth, which provides human a variety of services in domestic use, agriculture, or industries. However, some serious health risks of drinking water are associated with microbial contamination, particularly with fecal matter. Therefore, microbial quality assessment is considered to be a necessary component of water quality assessment. This study investigates microbial contamination of water distributary system around the city by comparing groundwater (GW) and tap water (TW) quality in Quetta city. 31 GW samples and 31 TW samples were collected in the study area during the months of September, October, and November. Fecal coliform test was carried out in laboratory and their average total coliform contamination was computed. Results showed that the TW sample were all contaminated by coliform except for Chiltan town, hence are not considered suitable for drinking without any treatment according to WHO drinking water quality standards. The average coliform concentrations were 12 in Quetta main city, 11.6 in Jinnah town, 5.3 in Satallite town, 10 in Shahbaz town and 5 in Brewery town (0/100 mL CFU) and the TW samples from the three towns were even more contaminated with E.coli. Whereas among the GW, average microbial concentrations were 1.8 in Quetta main city, 2 in Satallite town, 1.4 in Shahbaz town, and 0.4 in Chiltan town (0/100 mL CFU), respectively, which shows that the contamination is occurring within the water distributary pipeline system when the water flows through the pipelines. Moreover, this research will be valuable for researchers and administrative authorities to conduct elaborative studies, and develop new policies to prevent further deterioration of drinking water in the water distribution system by pathogenic microorganisms and ensure safe drinking water to the public of Quetta city.  相似文献   

渤海海底地震仪探测试验及初步成果   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

支鹏遥  刘保华  华清峰  刘晨光  裴彦良  郑彦鹏  郝天珧 《地球科学进展》2012,27(7):769-777

利用大容量气枪枪阵震源和海底地震仪在渤海首次开展人工地震深部地球物理探测试验。本次试验布设一条NWW-SEE向垂直构造走向的勘测线,共投放海底地震仪51台,回收成功50台。试验结果和数据分析表明,所使用的枪阵有足够的能量输出,海底地震仪记录震相丰富,可识别到Ps,Pg,PmP,Pn等多种震相。初至波层析成像结果表明,9 km以上地层速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,渤中地区新生代沉积基底埋深5～6 km,结晶基底埋深约9 km,郯庐断裂带内存在"U"型下凹的相对低速体并有向下切割的趋势。此次试验是我国在渤海深部探测中的成功示范,有效填补了渤海海域深地震测深数据的空白,为渤海深部地壳结构研究及含油气盆地形成演化研究提供了重要的基础资料。  相似文献   

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李普丽 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(2):22-24

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